[102], A plot against his life was revealed, and one of his officers, Philotas, was executed for failing to alert Alexander. [319], In the Greek Anthology, there are poems referring to Alexander.[320][321]. WebAlexander the Great, also known as Alexander III or Alexander of Macedonia, (born 356 bce, Pella, Macedonia [northwest of Thessalonki, Greece]died June 13, 323 bce, Babylon [near Al-illah, Iraq]), king of Macedonia (336323 bce), who overthrew the Persian empire, carried Macedonian arms to India, and laid the foundations for the Hellenistic world of [23][24][25] Among them were Artabazos II and his daughter Barsine, possible future mistress of Alexander, who resided at the Macedonian court from 352 to 342 BC, as well as Amminapes, future satrap of Alexander, or a Persian nobleman named Sisines. Some of the most pronounced effects of Hellenization can be seen in Afghanistan and India, in the region of the relatively late-rising Greco-Bactrian Kingdom (250125 BC) (in modern Afghanistan, Pakistan, and Tajikistan) and the Indo-Greek Kingdom (180 BC 10 AD) in modern Afghanistan and India. This so irritated Alexander, that throwing one of the cups at his head, "You villain," said he, "what, am I then a bastard?" [102] Against Bessus (Artaxerxes V) however, Briant adds, Alexander reasserted "his claim to legitimacy as the avenger of Darius III". How Rome Fell: death of a superpower. Perhaps taking his summons to Babylon as a death sentence[153] and having seen the fate of Parmenion and Philotas,[154] Antipater purportedly arranged for Alexander to be poisoned by his son Iollas, who was Alexander's wine-pourer. [273] Furthermore, town planning, education, local government, and art current in the Hellenistic period were all based on Classical Greek ideals, evolving into distinct new forms commonly grouped as Hellenistic. Diodorus, Plutarch, Arrian and Justin all mentioned the theory that Alexander was poisoned. "[305], In the first centuries after Alexander's death, probably in Alexandria, a quantity of the legendary material coalesced into a text known as the Alexander Romance, later falsely ascribed to Callisthenes and therefore known as Pseudo-Callisthenes. The so-called "Alexander Sarcophagus", discovered near Sidon and now in the Istanbul Archaeology Museum, is so named not because it was thought to have contained Alexander's remains, but because its bas-reliefs depict Alexander and his companions fighting the Persians and hunting. [214], Both of Alexander's parents encouraged his ambitions. Myelin is the fatty covering that insulates nerve fibers and promotes the rapid transmission of nerve impulses. [251] Two of these pregnancies Stateira's and Barsine's are of dubious legitimacy. The first refers merely to the Roman battle line and does not specifically mean that the men were armed with pikes, and the second bears similarity to the 'Marian Mules' of the late Roman Republic who carried their equipment suspended from a long pole, which were in use until at least the 2nd century AD. [170], While Alexander's funeral cortege was on its way to Macedon, Ptolemy seized it and took it temporarily to Memphis. Philip then returned to Elatea, sending a final offer of peace to Athens and Thebes, who both rejected it. WebAlexander disease is a rare disorder of the nervous system. [117] The silver coinage had a beardless head of Heracles wearing a lionskin headdress on the obverse and Zeus aetophoros ('eagle bearer') enthroned with a scepter in his left hand, on the reverse. WebAlexander disease is a rare disorder of the nervous system. [314] He then travelled the known world in search of the Water of Life and Immortality, eventually becoming a prophet. Although his successors explicitly rejected such policies, Hellenization occurred throughout the region, accompanied by a distinct and opposite 'Orientalization' of the successor states. The name Alexander is also found throughout the New Testament, and there are dozens of Christian saints who bear the name. After the death of Spitamenes and his marriage to Roxana (Raoxshna in Old Iranian) to cement relations with his new satrapies, Alexander turned to the Indian subcontinent. [315], In Hindi and Urdu, the name "Sikandar", derived from the Persian name for Alexander, denotes a rising young talent, and the Delhi Sultanate ruler Aladdin Khalji stylized himself as "Sikandar-i-Sani" (the Second Alexander the Great). Alexanders father, Philip II of Macedon, hired Aristotle, one of historys greatest philosophers,, to educate the 13-year-old prince. He had his cousin, the former Amyntas IV, executed. [128] The other was Nicaea (Victory), thought to be located at the site of modern-day Mong, Punjab. This system is the primary tool for students, and is used for many of the Colleges administrative functions and services, including: Admissions apply to AC, check your application status. He developed a life-long love of reading and [69] According to the story, Alexander proclaimed that it did not matter how the knot was undone and hacked it apart with his sword. Menu. Philip II had waged war against the Thracians to the north, which left Alexander in charge as regent and heir apparent. [185], Diodorus stated that Alexander had given detailed written instructions to Craterus some time before his death, which are known as Alexander's "last plans". [310], According to Josephus, Alexander was shown the Book of Daniel when he entered Jerusalem, which described a mighty Greek king who would conquer the Persian Empire. WebAlexander III of Macedon (Ancient Greek: , romanized: Alexandros; 20/21 July 356 BC 10/11 June 323 BC), commonly known as Alexander the Great, was a king of the ancient Greek kingdom of Macedon. [2] He was undefeated in battle and is widely considered to be one of history's greatest and most successful military commanders. Many of these students would become his friends and future generals, and are often known as the "Companions". [187] Craterus started to carry out Alexander's commands, but the successors chose not to further implement them, on the grounds they were impractical and extravagant. [67], From Halicarnassus, Alexander proceeded into mountainous Lycia and the Pamphylian plain, asserting control over all coastal cities to deny the Persians naval bases. [85] He sent the bulk of his army to the Persian ceremonial capital of Persepolis via the Persian Royal Road. Top 250 Movies Most Popular Movies Top 250 TV Shows Most Popular TV Shows Most Popular Video Games Most Popular Music Videos Most Popular Podcasts. [63][64] At first, all went well. There, his closest friend, Hephaestion, died of illness or poisoning. I HATE ALEXANDER 23 T-SHIRT $35.00. Alexander replied that since he was now king of Asia, it was he alone who decided territorial divisions. There are many alternate spellings of Alexander depending. CITY COUNCIL / PLANNING & ZONING. [70], In spring 333 BC, Alexander crossed the Taurus into Cilicia. Leaving Egypt in 331BC, Alexander marched eastward into Achaemenid Assyria in Upper Mesopotamia (now northern Iraq) and defeated Darius again at the Battle of Gaugamela. Ancient commentators were divided about whether the ambitious Olympias promulgated the story of Alexander's divine parentage, variously claiming that she had told Alexander, or that she dismissed the suggestion as impious. He continued the tradition of writing close commentaries on Aristotles work established in the first century BCE by City of Alexander, North Dakota 58831. top of page. Marching west into Illyria, Alexander defeated each in turn, forcing the two rulers to flee with their troops. He appointed Porus as satrap, and added to Porus's territory land that he did not previously own, towards the south-east, up to the Hyphasis (Beas). Alexander founded a series of new cities, all called Alexandria, including modern Kandahar in Afghanistan, and Alexandria Eschate ("The Furthest") in modern Tajikistan. [107] The cities' locations reflected trade routes as well as defensive positions. We are proud to offer over 125 university level courses that transfer to other universities and colleges in the BCCAT system. There have been, since the time, many suspicions that Pausanias was actually hired to murder Philip. [11] Although Philip had seven or eight wives, Olympias was his principal wife for some time, likely because she gave birth to Alexander. A juicy, generously marbled steak and one of the tenderest cuts of beef. The correct answer is "He is alive and well and rules the world!" Both Athens and Philip sent embassies to win Thebes's favour, but Athens won the contest. At which Alexander reproachfully insulted over him: "See there," said he, "the man who makes preparations to pass out of Europe into Asia, overturned in passing from one seat to another. [42] Alexander reacted by sending an actor, Thessalus of Corinth, to tell Pixodarus that he should not offer his daughter's hand to an illegitimate son, but instead to Alexander. Omphis (Indian name Ambhi), the ruler of Taxila, whose kingdom extended from the Indus to the Hydaspes (Jhelum), complied, but the chieftains of some hill clans, including the Aspasioi and Assakenoi sections of the Kambojas (known in Indian texts also as Ashvayanas and Ashvakayanas), refused to submit. He found the Thessalian army occupying the pass between Mount Olympus and Mount Ossa, and ordered his men to ride over Mount Ossa. FIRE DEPT. This led Hegesias of Magnesia to say that it had burnt down because Artemis was away, attending the birth of Alexander. [212][213] Reconstruction of the original polychromy of the relief with Alexander on the sarcophagus shows him with brown eyes and chestnut brown hair. Alexander eventually agreed and turned south, marching along the Indus. [85], Babylonian astronomical diaries say that "the king of the world, Alexander" sent his scouts with a message to the people of Babylon before entering the city: "I shall not enter your houses". [252], According to Diodorus Siculus, Alexander accumulated a harem in the style of Persian kings, but he used it rather sparingly, "not wishing to offend the Macedonians",[253] showing great self-control in "pleasures of the body". [297], Pausanias writes that Alexander wanted to dig through the Mimas mountain (in today's Karaburun area), but didn't succeed. [181] According to Diodorus, Alexander's companions asked him on his deathbed to whom he bequeathed his kingdom; his laconic reply was "ti kratisti""to the strongest". At Termessos, Alexander humbled but did not storm the Pisidian city. [284] The Macriani, a Roman family that in the person of Macrinus briefly ascended to the imperial throne, kept images of Alexander on their persons, either on jewellery, or embroidered into their clothes. When the animal died (because of old age, according to Plutarch, at age thirty), Alexander named a city after him, Bucephala. [144][244] This event may have contributed to Alexander's failing health and detached mental state during his final months. [146] There are two different versions of Alexander's death, differing slightly in details. [204], Historians have understood the detail of the pleasant odour attributed to Alexander as stemming from a belief in ancient Greece that pleasant scents are characteristic of gods and heroes. According to the legend, after Alexander hunted on the Mount Pagus, he slept under a plane tree at the sanctuary of Nemesis. [120], The fort of Massaga was reduced only after days of bloody fighting, in which Alexander was wounded seriously in the ankle. With these victories, he secured his northern frontier. Writing shortly after Alexander's death, Onesicritus invented a tryst between Alexander and Thalestris, queen of the mythical Amazons. [78], Alexander advanced on Egypt in later 332 BC, where he was regarded as a liberator. He lost another child when Roxana miscarried at Babylon. He then stormed the pass of the Persian Gates (in the modern Zagros Mountains) which had been blocked by a Persian army under Ariobarzanes and then hurried to Persepolis before its garrison could loot the treasury.[87]. Thus, in Bactria and Sogdiana, Alexander successfully used his javelin throwers and archers to prevent outflanking movements, while massing his cavalry at the center. [144] Hephaestion's death devastated Alexander and he ordered the preparation of an expensive funeral pyre in Babylon along with a decree for public mourning. The trilogy "Alexander the Great" by Valerio Massimo Manfredi consisting of "The son of the dream", "The sand of Amon", and "The ends of the world". [153] His extraordinary achievements, coupled with his own ineffable sense of destiny and the flattery of his companions, may have combined to produce this effect. Our Information Technology systems are continually tested and strengthened to ensure protection of all client information. [31], Philip and his army joined his son in 338 BC, and they marched south through Thermopylae, taking it after stubborn resistance from its Theban garrison. [102] The latter were in many cases additionally connected through marriage alliances with the royal Achaemenid family. Was it Veratrum album? [132], As for the Macedonians, however, their struggle with Porus blunted their courage and stayed their further advance into India. Commerce. [254] Green suggested that, in the context of the period, Alexander formed quite strong friendships with women, including Ada of Caria, who adopted him, and even Darius's mother Sisygambis, who supposedly died from grief upon hearing of Alexander's death. Its finely-grained structure lends a smooth, rich, beefy flavor. Apelles, however, in painting him as wielder of the thunder-bolt, did not reproduce his complexion, but made it too dark and swarthy. Anthropology. This text underwent numerous expansions and revisions throughout Antiquity and the Middle Ages,[306] containing many dubious stories,[304] and was translated into numerous languages. [20], Mieza was like a boarding school for Alexander and the children of Macedonian nobles, such as Ptolemy, Hephaistion, and Cassander. [106] This was one aspect of Alexander's broad strategy aimed at securing the aid and support of the Iranian upper classes. Most infamously, Alexander personally killed the man who had saved his life at Granicus, Cleitus the Black, during a violent drunken altercation at Maracanda (modern day Samarkand in Uzbekistan), in which Cleitus accused Alexander of several judgmental mistakes and most especially, of having forgotten the Macedonian ways in favour of a corrupt oriental lifestyle. [32] Philip marched on Amphissa (ostensibly acting on the request of the Amphictyonic League), capturing the mercenaries sent there by Demosthenes and accepting the city's surrender. [140], After three days, unable to persuade his men to back down, Alexander gave Persians command posts in the army and conferred Macedonian military titles upon Persian units. Alexander the Great, also known as Alexander III or Alexander of Macedonia is known as one of the greatest generals in all history. [285], On the other hand, some Roman writers, particularly Republican figures, used Alexander as a cautionary tale of how autocratic tendencies can be kept in check by republican values. Moreover, that a very pleasant odour exhaled from his skin and that there was a fragrance about his mouth and all his flesh, so that his garments were filled with it, this we have read in the Memoirs of Aristoxenus. [275] On the Silk Road trade routes, Hellenistic culture hybridized with Iranian and Buddhist cultures. [303], Many of the legends about Alexander derive from his own lifetime, probably encouraged by Alexander himself. Several fictitious letters, some perhaps based on actual letters, made their way into the Romance tradition. By the age of 30, he had created one of the largest empires in history, stretching from Greece to northwestern India. [61] While the other cities again hesitated, Thebes decided to fight. His military achievements and unprecedented enduring successes in battle made him the measure against which many later military leaders would compare themselves,[c] and his tactics remain a significant subject of study in military academies worldwide. After his trip to Siwa, Alexander was crowned in the temple of Ptah at Memphis. [40] During the wedding banquet, a drunken Attalus publicly prayed to the gods that the union would produce a legitimate heir. See All [298] Pliny the Elder adds that the planned distance was 12 kilometres (7.5mi), and the purpose was to cut a canal through the isthmus to connect the Caystrian and Hermaean bays. [259], Over the course of his conquests, Alexander founded some twenty cities that bore his name, most of them east of the Tigris. [83] Darius once more fled the field, and Alexander chased him as far as Arbela. It was also said that on this day, the Temple of Artemis in Ephesus, one of the Seven Wonders of the World, burnt down. One Greek king, Menander I, probably became Buddhist, and was immortalized in Buddhist literature as 'Milinda'. First published Mon Oct 13, 2003; substantive revision Thu Jan 19, 2017. Movies. The gold series had the head of Athena on the obverse and a winged Nike (Victory) on the reverse. Asian Studies. [309] In Sunni Islamic Persia, under the influence of the Alexander Romance (in Persian: Iskandarnamah), a more positive portrayal of Alexander emerges. Alexander endeavored to reach the "ends of the world and the Great Outer Sea" and invaded India in 326 BC, achieving an important victory over Porus, an ancient Indian king of present-day Punjab, at the Battle of the Hydaspes. [149] Arrian also mentioned this as an alternative, but Plutarch specifically denied this claim. ABOUT US. causing the mermaid to vanish and the sea to calm. Alexander III 'the Great'. ", PUF, 2011. p. xl, Historical Dictionary of Ancient Greek Warfare, J, Woronoff & I. Spence, Ashrafian H. "The Death of Alexander the Greata Spinal Twist of Fate. Several examples of capitals displaying Ionic influences can be seen as far as Patna, especially with the Pataliputra capital, dated to the 3rd century BC. Alexander was the first to break the Theban lines, followed by Philip's generals. [316] In medieval India, Turkic and Afghan sovereigns from the Iranian-cultured region of Central Asia brought positive cultural connotations of Alexander to the Indian subcontinent, resulting in the efflorescence of Sikandernameh (Alexander Romances) written by Indo-Persian poets such as Amir Khusrow and the prominence of Alexander the Great as a popular subject in Mughal-era Persian miniatures. Bucephalas carried Alexander as far as India. [219], According to Plutarch, Alexander also had a violent temper and rash, impulsive nature,[220] and this could influence his decision making. [233] Thus, rather than megalomania, his behaviour may have been a practical attempt at strengthening his rule and keeping his empire together. [159][160] Another poisoning explanation put forward in 2010 proposed that the circumstances of his death were compatible with poisoning by water of the river Styx (modern-day Mavroneri in Arcadia, Greece) that contained calicheamicin, a dangerous compound produced by bacteria. [80] Henceforth, Alexander often referred to Zeus-Ammon as his true father, and after his death, currency depicted him adorned with the Horns of Ammon as a symbol of his divinity. This was a sign of Caracalla's increasingly erratic behaviour. [292], In 39, Caligula performed a spectacular stunt by ordering a temporary floating bridge to be built using ships as pontoons, stretching for over two miles from the resort of Baiae to the neighbouring port of Puteoli. But this mania for Alexander, strange as it was, was overshadowed by subsequent events in Alexandria. [144] Back in Babylon, Alexander planned a series of new campaigns, beginning with an invasion of Arabia, but he would not have a chance to realize them, as he died shortly after Hephaestion. [105], During this time, Alexander adopted some elements of Persian dress and customs at his court, notably the custom of proskynesis, either a symbolic kissing of the hand, or prostration on the ground, that Persians showed to their social superiors. [162], Alexander's body was laid in a gold anthropoid sarcophagus that was filled with honey, which was in turn placed in a gold casket. Athens sued for peace and Alexander pardoned the rebels. They refused to be sent away and criticized his adoption of Persian customs and dress and the introduction of Persian officers and soldiers into Macedonian units. [283] The Corinthian order is also heavily represented in the art of Gandhara, especially through Indo-Corinthian capitals. [134], Alexander sent much of his army to Carmania (modern southern Iran) with general Craterus, and commissioned a fleet to explore the Persian Gulf shore under his admiral Nearchus, while he led the rest back to Persia through the more difficult southern route along the Gedrosian Desert and Makran. Alexander was a Peripatetic philosopher and commentator, active in the late second and early third century CE. Some of these alternate spellings include Alejandro, Alessandro, and Alexzander. 74. Alexander personally defeated the Scythians at the Battle of Jaxartes and immediately launched a campaign against Spitamenes, defeating him in the Battle of Gabai. His troops misunderstood his intention and mutinied at the town of Opis. [308] The colloquial form of his name in modern Greek ("O Megalexandros") is a household name, and he is the only ancient hero to appear in the Karagiozis shadow play. [216], Alexander's legacy extended beyond his military conquests, and his reign marked a turning point in European and Asian history. Gaugamela would be the final and decisive encounter between the two. [271], The core of the Hellenistic culture promulgated by the conquests was essentially Athenian. [62] Antipater referred the Spartans' punishment to the League of Corinth, which then deferred to Alexander, who chose to pardon them. Alexander was a Peripatetic philosopher and commentator, active in the late second and early third century CE. ABOUT US; CONTACT US; CITY BOARDS; NEWS & EVENTS. Alexanders father, Philip II of Macedon, hired Aristotle, one of historys greatest philosophers,, to educate the 13-year-old prince. He continued the tradition of writing close commentaries on Aristotles work established in the first century BCE by [12], Several legends surround Alexander's birth and childhood. Alexander and his exploits were admired by many Romans, especially generals, who wanted to associate themselves with his achievements. Commerce. We are proud to be a store that reflects our interests and those of our community. Top 250 Movies Most Popular Movies Top 250 TV Shows Most Popular TV Shows Most Popular Video Games Most Popular Music Videos Most Popular Podcasts. CITY PARK. [42] Accordingly, Alexander returned to Macedon after six months due to the efforts of a family friend, Demaratus, who mediated between the two parties. Alexander was proclaimed king on the spot by the nobles and army at the age of 20. )", East-West Orientation of Historical Empires, "The Princeton Encyclopedia of Classical Sites, Pella (Khirbet Fahil) Jordan", "Pausanias, Description of Greece, *korinqiaka/, chapter 1, section 5", "Pliny the Elder, The Natural History, BOOK V. AN ACCOUNT OF COUNTRIES, NATIONS, SEAS, TOWNS, HAVENS, MOUNTAINS, RIVERS, DISTANCES, AND PEOPLES WHO NOW EXIST OR FORMERLY EXISTED., CHAP. WebAlexander is a male given name.The most prominent bearer of the name is Alexander the Great, the king of the Ancient Greek kingdom of Macedonia who created one of the largest empires in ancient history.. Variants listed here are Aleksandar, Aleksander and Aleksandr.Related names and diminutives include Iskandar, Alec, Alek, Alex, Alexandre, I HATE ALEXANDER 23 T-SHIRT $35.00. [102] Pierre Briant explains that Alexander realized that it was insufficient to merely exploit the internal contradictions within the imperial system as in Asia Minor, Babylonia or Egypt; he also had to (re)create a central government with or without the support of the Iranians. AFTERSHOCK STICKER PACK $20.00. Computer Science. [62] The one exception was a call to arms by Spartan king Agis III in 331BC, whom Antipater defeated and killed in the battle of Megalopolis. [26], Suda writes that Anaximenes of Lampsacus was one of Alexander's teachers, and that Anaximenes also accompanied Alexander on his campaigns. [173][174], Pompey, Julius Caesar and Augustus all visited the tomb in Alexandria, where Augustus, allegedly, accidentally knocked the nose off. Alexander was a Peripatetic philosopher and commentator, active in the late second and early third century CE. The Athenians, led by Demosthenes, voted to seek alliance with Thebes against Macedonia. Attalus also had severely insulted Alexander, and following Cleopatra's murder, Alexander may have considered him too dangerous to leave alive. [310] Firdausi's Shahnameh ("The Book of Kings") includes Alexander in a line of legitimate Persian shahs, a mythical figure who explored the far reaches of the world in search of the Fountain of Youth. With Anthony Hopkins, David Bedella, Jessie Kamm, Angelina Jolie. Trending. AFTERSHOCK T-SHIRT $36.00. WebTel: 540-443-9250 Hours: 8:00 4:30 EST M-F Email: [email protected] Address: 104 Centre Court, Radford, VA 24141 Buy Now. WebAlexanders Normal, IL: Dinner Menu: Friday, Saturday & Sunday Lunch Menu 11a-4p: N/A: Wine List: Wines by the Glass: Kids Menu : Ribeye. This is the most popular grill steak in the country. This is cited as a reason for sparing Jerusalem. [162] Another recent analysis suggested pyogenic (infectious) spondylitis or meningitis. When Philip heard of this, he stopped the negotiations and scolded Alexander for wishing to marry the daughter of a Carian, explaining that he wanted a better bride for him. Grill steak in the late second and early third century CE spondylitis or meningitis marbled steak and one of mythical! The wedding banquet, a drunken Attalus publicly prayed to the Persian Royal Road represented. News & events recent analysis suggested pyogenic ( infectious ) spondylitis or meningitis cities again hesitated, decided! 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